Safe Carriage of vehicle cargoesManaging stability and Fire Risks in vehicle carriage at sea.

The carriage of vehicles and vehicle cargoes presents distinctive challenges for Pure Car Carriers (PCCs), Pure Car and Truck Carriers (PCTCs), Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro) vessels and Ro-Ro Passenger (Ro-Pax) vessels.

The structural design of these vessels,featuring multiple vehicle decks, a high-sided, box-shaped superstructure and particular subdivision characteristics above the freeboard deck—makes them especially vulnerable to stability-related risks. Similarly, any cargo shift can reduce the vessel’s available intact stability and compromise its safety.

In recent years, growing demand for the transportation of electric vehicles (EVs) has introduced unique risks, primarily associated with lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), which are still not fully understood. In addition, the increased use of composite materials in modern vehicles, while offering advantages in terms of weight reduction and fuel efficiency, may result in higher fire loads in the event of a fire.

Recognising these challenges, the IMO Sub-Committee on Ship Systems and Equipment, during its 11th session (SSE 11) in February 2025, adopted an action plan to evaluate the adequacy of existing fire-protection, detection and extinguishing arrangements for both existing and newly built EVs and other new-energy vehicles. The plan calls for a systematic review of reports, studies and technologies, the identification of key hazards, and the development of goal-based measures to enhance safety.

In parallel, several organisations, including the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA)¹ and the Maritime Technologies Forum (MTF)², have conducted detailed studies and issued technical guidance on the safe carriage of Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) and EVs at sea.

To ensure the safe carriage of these vehicles, it is essential that seafarers understand the characteristics of EVs and other new-energy vehicles and receive appropriate training in their handling, monitoring and emergency response.

Onboard incidents involving EVs can and do occur while a vessel is alongside. The proximity of port infrastructure, personnel and other cargo can significantly amplify the potential consequences. In such situations, close collaboration and a common understanding among all parties, including ship operators, terminal operators, insurers, emergency responders and supply-chain stakeholders are fundamental to effective risk mitigation.

Establishing shared expectations, clear procedures and coordinated response capabilities is essential for managing these risks responsibly and safeguarding people, assets and the environment.

This guide outlines the relevant risks and provides practical measures to help seafarers and shipping companies manage them effectively.